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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata02:04

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During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
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Global Climate Change01:50

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
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Drying Shrinkage01:21

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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
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Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Persistent drying in the tropics linked to natural forcing.

Amos Winter1, Davide Zanchettin2, Thomas Miller3

  • 1Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, USA.

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Large volcanic eruptions in the 19th and 20th centuries caused significant, long-lasting tropical precipitation declines. This study reveals crucial links between volcanic activity and climate, impacting freshwater and hydroelectric power.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Hydrology
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Tropical regions, home to half the world's population, face significant hydrological changes impacting freshwater and hydroelectric power.
  • Understanding tropical precipitation mechanisms is crucial for assessing future climate variability and regional precipitation trends.
  • Paleo-climate proxies offer essential long-term data to complement limited instrumental records.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct past tropical precipitation patterns using paleo-climate proxies.
  • To investigate the influence of volcanic activity on tropical climate and hydrology.
  • To provide evidence for long-lasting volcanic impacts on regional precipitation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of speleothem paleo-precipitation data from Mesoamerica.
  • Correlation of precipitation declines with historical volcanic eruption clusters.
  • Reconstruction of multi-decadal precipitation variability.

Main Results:

  • Speleothem data reveal substantial multi-decadal declines in Mesoamerican precipitation.
  • The onset of these precipitation declines aligns with clusters of major volcanic eruptions in the 19th and 20th centuries.
  • This provides independent evidence of volcanic forcing on regional climate.

Conclusions:

  • Volcanic eruptions can induce prolonged, significant impacts on tropical precipitation patterns.
  • Understanding these causal chains is vital for predicting tropical climate responses to global radiative forcing.
  • The findings highlight the sensitivity of tropical hydrology to volcanic events.