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Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

Partial Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears: Current Concepts.

Graeme Matthewson¹, Cara J Beach¹, Atiba A Nelson¹

¹Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4Z6.

Advances in Orthopedics

|July 15, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Partial thickness rotator cuff tears are common, but optimal treatment remains unclear. Current evidence does not support complex surgical techniques over standard rotator cuff repair for shoulder pain.

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Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

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Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

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Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: January 23, 2026

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Shoulder Anatomy

Background:

Partial thickness rotator cuff tears frequently cause adult shoulder pain.
Diagnosis and treatment strategies for these tears are subjects of ongoing debate.
Arthroscopy has enhanced diagnostic accuracy but increased the variety of surgical repair techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding of partial thickness rotator cuff tears.
To evaluate the controversies surrounding diagnosis and treatment options.
To identify areas requiring further research for optimal patient management.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on rotator cuff tear anatomy and natural history.
Analysis of diagnostic advancements, including arthroscopy.
Evaluation of described surgical repair techniques and their clinical evidence.

Main Results:

Optimal nonoperative and operative treatment strategies remain undetermined.
No significant clinical evidence currently favors complex surgical techniques over standard rotator cuff repair.
The indications for surgical versus nonsurgical management require further clarification.

Conclusions:

Further research is essential to establish clear clinical guidelines for managing partial thickness rotator cuff tears.
Indications for formal rotator cuff repair and the utility of biologic adjunctive therapies need further investigation.
Evidence-based decision-making for shoulder pain treatment is crucial.