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The programming of cardiovascular disease.

K L Thornburg1

  • 1Oregon Health & Science University,Heart Research Center,Portland,OR,USA.

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
|July 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy can program offspring for cardiovascular disease. Epigenetic changes, influenced by diet, may explain how these risks are passed across generations, impacting long-term health.

Keywords:
epigeneticsfetal programmingheart diseaseroots of cardiovascular diseaseworsening health

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • US population health is declining despite increased life expectancy.
  • Rising rates of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hypertension predict increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) and reduced lifespan.
  • Current explanations for these trends are insufficient; poor diets in young people and pregnant women are implicated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of "programming" via maternal nutrition in fetal cardiovascular development.
  • To investigate how developmental plasticity and epigenetic modifications contribute to CVD risk across generations.
  • To highlight the foundational work of David J.P. Barker in developmental origins of disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on fetal development and maternal nutrition.
  • Analysis of how developmental plasticity influences cardiovascular and renal systems.
  • Examination of epigenetic mechanisms (microRNA, DNA methylation, histone modification) in cross-generational CVD risk.

Main Results:

  • Poor maternal nutrition can lead to fetal programming, resulting in endothelial dysfunction, smaller coronary arteries, vascular stiffening, reduced nephron and cardiomyocyte counts, coagulopathies, and atherogenic lipid profiles.
  • Extreme birth weights are associated with these adverse cardiovascular adaptations.
  • Epigenetic modifications are implicated in transmitting CVD vulnerabilities across generations.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal diet during critical developmental periods significantly impacts offspring cardiovascular health.
  • Epigenetic alterations offer a mechanism for intergenerational transmission of CVD risk.
  • Further research into preventing or reversing detrimental epigenetic changes holds promise for mitigating future CVD incidence.