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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Hepatitis E infection during pregnancy.

Shahnaz A Chaudhry, Natasha Verma, Gideon Koren

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    Travelers to Southeast Asia should practice strict hygiene to prevent Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. Pregnant individuals face severe risks, including fulminant hepatitis, due to HEV, with no vaccine currently available in Canada.

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    Area of Science:

    • Hepatology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is endemic in Southeast Asia.
    • HEV is a water-borne pathogen transmitted via the fecal-oral route.
    • HEV infection poses significant risks, particularly during pregnancy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline precautions for travelers to HEV-endemic areas.
    • To describe the risks of HEV infection during pregnancy.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of HEV transmission routes.
    • Summary of clinical outcomes and risks associated with HEV.
    • Information on current vaccine availability.

    Main Results:

    • Hygienic practices are crucial for preventing HEV.
    • Avoiding contaminated water and food reduces transmission risk.
    • No HEV vaccine is available in Canada.

    Conclusions:

    • Travelers should adhere to strict hygiene measures to prevent HEV.
    • HEV infection during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, leads to severe maternal and fetal complications.
    • Increased maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity are associated with HEV in pregnant women.