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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

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When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
6.3K
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

2.3K
Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...
2.3K
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

1.8K
A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
1.8K
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

3.8K
A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to...
3.8K
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

853
Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
853
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

4.6K
The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
4.6K

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Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Potential of VSFG Microscopy in Studying Mesoscopically Heterogeneous Self-Assembled Structures
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Multireflection sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy.

Chi Zhang1, Joshua Jasensky1, Zhan Chen1

  • 1Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.

Analytical Chemistry
|July 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed multireflection sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy (MRSFG) to enhance signal quality and sensitivity. This new method improves spectral data for surface molecular structure analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for surface analysis.
  • Conventional SFG can be limited by low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sensitivity, hindering the study of low-coverage or disordered molecular species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a multireflection data collection method for SFG spectroscopy.
  • To enhance the signal intensity, signal-to-noise ratio, and sensitivity of SFG measurements.
  • To demonstrate the applicability of the new method for characterizing complex surface molecular structures.

Main Methods:

  • A collinear laser beam propagation geometry was employed.
  • Trapezoidal Dove prisms were utilized as sample substrates to induce multiple total internal reflections.
  • The multireflection SFG (MRSFG) technique was developed and compared against conventional SFG.

Main Results:

  • MRSFG demonstrated a signal intensity enhancement proportional to the number of reflections ('m').
  • The SNR of the SFG signal-to-background was improved by a factor between m(1/2) and m.
  • MRSFG successfully characterized surface molecular structures of adsorbed ethanol, polymer films, and lipid monolayers, including low-coverage lipid mixtures.

Conclusions:

  • MRSFG significantly improves spectral quality and detection limits in SFG spectroscopy.
  • The technique enables the study of molecular structures with low surface coverage or less ordered moieties.
  • MRSFG is expected to find broad applications in surface science research.