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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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SBAR II: Application of SBAR01:14

SBAR II: Application of SBAR

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SBAR is an effective communication tool used by healthcare professionals to communicate patient information accurately. SBAR stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. For a better understanding, an example is given below.
SBAR Report from a Nurse to a Health Care Provider
S: "Hello, Dr. Smith. This is Jane, RN, from the Med Surg unit. I am calling to tell you about Ms. White in Room 210, who is experiencing increased pain and redness at her incision site. Her recent...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Automated insulin pump suspension for hypoglycaemia mitigation: development, implementation and implications.

T Davis1, A Salahi2, J B Welsh2

  • 1AMCR Institute, Escondido, CA, USA.

Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
|July 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data can now stop insulin delivery to prevent hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes (T1D). This advance is a key step toward an artificial pancreas, improving safety and therapy options.

Keywords:
artificial pancreasclosed loop insulin therapydatabase researchglucose monitoringglycaemic controlhypoglycaemiainsulin deliveryinsulin pump therapytype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Diabetes Technology

Background:

  • Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) management requires complex insulin adjustments.
  • Hypoglycemia is a major concern, limiting treatment intensification.
  • Current systems struggle to fully replicate natural insulin secretion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data to prevent hypoglycemia.
  • To discuss the significance of CGM-triggered insulin cessation in T1D management.
  • To explore future directions in artificial pancreas development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on CGM and insulin delivery systems.
  • Focus on strategies utilizing CGM data for hypoglycemia prevention.
  • Discussion of advancements toward semi-automated and closed-loop systems.

Main Results:

  • CGM integration allows for proactive insulin delivery interruption.
  • This strategy significantly reduces the risk of hypoglycemia, particularly nocturnal episodes.
  • Semi-automated systems demonstrate improved glycemic control and safety.

Conclusions:

  • Using CGM to stop insulin delivery is a critical advancement for T1D.
  • This approach enhances safety and opens possibilities for therapy intensification.
  • Further development is needed to achieve a fully automated artificial pancreas.