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Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
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Elevated Soluble CD14 and Lower D-Dimer Are Associated With Cigarette Smoking and Heavy Episodic Alcohol Use in

Patricia A Cioe1, Jason Baker, Erna M Kojic

  • 1*Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI; †Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; ‡Department of Infectious Disease, Brown University, Providence, RI; §Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; ‖Denver Infectious Disease Consultants, Denver, CO; and ¶Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999)
|July 17, 2015
PubMed

Insights

Smoking increases inflammation and cardiovascular risk in people with HIV. Quitting smoking is crucial for improving health outcomes and reducing mortality, especially from heart disease.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Individuals with HIV face heightened cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk due to chronic inflammation and coagulation.
  • Understanding lifestyle factors impacting these processes is vital for managing HIV-related comorbidities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between smoking and heavy episodic alcohol consumption with monocyte activation and coagulation in people with HIV.
  • To quantify the impact of these behaviors on specific biomarkers of inflammation and clotting.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational cohort study (SUN Study) including 689 participants.
  • Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between smoking status, heavy alcohol use, and biomarkers (soluble CD14, D-dimer).

Main Results:

  • Current smoking was significantly associated with elevated soluble CD14 levels, indicating increased monocyte activation.
  • Heavy episodic alcohol use was linked to significantly lower D-dimer levels, suggesting reduced coagulation activation.

Conclusions:

  • Smoking cessation interventions are strongly recommended for HIV care providers to improve overall mortality.
  • Reducing smoking can mitigate cardiovascular disease risk and enhance survival outcomes in the HIV-positive population.
Abstract

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