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Related Concept Videos

Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

49
Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease...
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
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Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Ventilatory Modes01:14

Ventilatory Modes

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Mechanical ventilators are life-saving devices that support or replace spontaneous breathing. They deliver breaths to patients through varying methods known as ventilator modes. Understanding these modes is critical for healthcare providers managing patients with respiratory failure.
There are three ventilatory modes: full support, partial support, and spontaneous. These are described below.
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Full support modes include controlled mechanical ventilation, continuous mandatory...
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Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

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Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
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Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

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MICROBIOLOGICAL PATTERN OF VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA.

Shamshad Ali, Khalid Waheed, Zafar H Iqbal

    Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC
    |July 18, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is frequently caused by Gram-negative bacteria in intensive care units. Identifying these pathogens aids in effective VAP diagnosis and management, guiding antibiotic therapy.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Microbiology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Critical Care Medicine

    Background:

    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a significant complication in mechanically ventilated patients, leading to increased morbidity and mortality in Intensive Care Units (ICUs).
    • Understanding the prevalent bacterial pathogens is crucial for effective VAP management and infection control strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the spectrum of bacterial pathogens involved in VAP cases.
    • To identify the common bacteria causing VAP in the ICU of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore.

    Main Methods:

    • A descriptive case series study was conducted over one year involving 50 mechanically ventilated patients with suspected VAP.
    • Diagnosis of VAP was based on clinical and radiological criteria, with bacterial identification through aerobic culture and sensitivity testing of bronchial washings or subglottic secretions.

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  • Bronchoscopy was utilized for sample collection, with alternative methods employed when bronchoscopy was not feasible, adhering to American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines.

    • Main Results:

    • Gram-negative bacteria were the predominant pathogens, accounting for 74% of isolates, with E. coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Acinetobacter being the most common.
    • Gram-positive bacteria constituted 20% of isolates, with Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) and beta-hemolytic streptococci being significant.
    • Mixed bacterial growth was observed in 4% of cases, and 2% yielded no growth.

    Conclusions:

    • Gram-negative bacteria are the primary causative agents of VAP in the studied ICU population.
    • Bacteriological culture of respiratory secretions is essential for accurate VAP diagnosis and guiding appropriate antibiotic treatment.
    • Empirical antibiotic regimens for VAP should prioritize coverage against Gram-negative organisms based on local epidemiological patterns.