Micro- and nano-force evaluation of bioengineered muscle cells: a non-contact two-dimensional biosensing using...

A high degree of cell-generated force measurement is required to evaluate the biomechanical performance of bioengineered muscle tissues. However, the conventional cantilever types of direct force measurement methods have limitations in developing a non-contact two-dimensional force sensing device for a single muscle cell. In this paper, a method is proposed and discussed by using focused surface acoustic wave and magneto-optic Kerr measurements. To depict the capability of the proposed method, a conceptual design of such a sensory device is demonstrated for non-contact two-dimensional force measurement of a single muscle cell.