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Area of Science:

  • One Health
  • Ecology
  • Zoonotic Diseases

Background:

  • Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are increasingly recognized as a complex interplay between human, animal, and ecosystem health.
  • Human activities, such as environmental modification and global travel, significantly contribute to the emergence and spread of EIDs by altering host-pathogen dynamics.
  • The rise in zoonotic EIDs underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and highlights gaps between ecological theory and real-world disease dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the critical role of ecological methods and theory in studying zoonotic diseases.
  • To advocate for the deeper integration of ecological principles within the One Health framework.
  • To identify future research directions for addressing zoonotic EIDs.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing key ecological concepts and approaches relevant to disease emergence.
  • Examining methods used in wildlife disease studies and their applicability to zoonoses.
  • Synthesizing current understanding and proposing future directions for One Health research.

Main Results:

  • Ecological principles are fundamental to understanding the drivers of EID emergence.
  • Existing ecological and wildlife disease research methods offer valuable tools for zoonotic disease surveillance and control.
  • A significant opportunity exists to enhance the One Health approach by incorporating robust ecological perspectives.

Conclusions:

  • The One Health movement requires a stronger foundation in ecological theory and methods to effectively address zoonotic EIDs.
  • Cross-sectoral collaboration, informed by ecological insights, is essential for managing the risks associated with human-animal-environment interactions.
  • Future research should focus on integrating ecological approaches to better predict, prevent, and respond to emerging infectious diseases.