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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Freshwater Microbial Ecology01:24

Freshwater Microbial Ecology

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Freshwater systems such as streams, rivers, and lakes exhibit distinct physical and biological characteristics that influence their microbial communities. These environments are broadly categorized into lotic systems—those with flowing waters like streams and most rivers—and lentic systems, which include still or slow-moving waters such as lakes, ponds, and marshes.In lentic systems, phytoplankton drive primary production, generating autochthonous organic carbon. In contrast, lotic...
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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Microbial Bioremediation of Uranium01:25

Microbial Bioremediation of Uranium

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Microorganisms play a critical role in the transformation and immobilization of uranium in contaminated environments through four main pathways: bioreduction, biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biomineralization. These mechanisms reduce uranium’s toxicity and prevent its migration through groundwater systems, offering sustainable approaches for in situ bioremediation.Bioreduction of UraniumBioreduction is driven by anaerobic bacteria such as certain strains of Geobacter and Shewanella,...
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Bioremediation00:46

Bioremediation

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Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins in groundwater as a byproduct of agricultural run-off and also to clean up oil spills.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility
13:48

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

Published on: August 8, 2014

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Urban Stream Burial Increases Watershed-Scale Nitrate Export.

Jake J Beaulieu1, Heather E Golden2, Christopher D Knightes3

  • 1US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America.

Plos One
|July 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Stream burial significantly reduces nitrogen (N) uptake, increasing downstream nutrient loading. Uncovering streams (daylighting) can enhance N retention in urban watersheds.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecology
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Nitrogen (N) uptake in streams is a vital ecosystem service reducing downstream nutrient pollution.
  • Urbanization often leads to stream burial, impacting nutrient cycling and water quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of urban stream burial on N uptake.
  • To scale these effects to the watershed level using simulation modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized studies on N uptake in buried vs. open streams in two metropolitan areas.
  • Employed simulation modeling to assess watershed-scale impacts of stream burial.
  • Analyzed the influence of burial location (upper vs. lower watershed) on N export.

Main Results:

  • Buried streams showed a substantial reduction in N uptake, with nitrate traveling 18 times farther.
  • Increased stream burial led to higher N uptake in remaining open reaches, partially offsetting losses.
  • At higher burial levels, overall watershed N retention declined significantly, increasing N export.

Conclusions:

  • Stream burial diminishes watershed-scale N retention, especially in urbanized lower reaches.
  • Stream daylighting is a potential strategy to improve N retention and mitigate nutrient pollution.