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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.8K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
10.3K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.7K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.7K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.1K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
3.1K
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

3.4K
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
3.4K

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Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer
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Depolymerization using sonochemical reactors: A critical review.

Parag R Gogate1, Amrutlal L Prajapat1

  • 1Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India.

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
|July 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultrasonic irradiation effectively degrades polymers by splitting chemical bonds without altering their nature. Optimizing parameters like concentration and power enhances this process, with combined ultrasound and additive approaches showing synergistic benefits.

Keywords:
Intrinsic viscosityOperating parametersPolymer degradationProcess intensificationSonochemical reactorsUltrasonic irradiation

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ultrasonic irradiation offers a novel method for polymer degradation.
  • This process reduces molecular weight by cleaving susceptible chemical bonds, preserving chemical nature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of ultrasound applications in polymer degradation.
  • To discuss degradation mechanisms, kinetic modeling, and reactor types.
  • To analyze the influence of operating parameters and additives.

Main Methods:

  • Review of ultrasonic polymer degradation mechanisms.
  • Analysis of kinetic modeling and reactor designs.
  • Investigation of operating parameters (concentration, frequency, power) and additives.

Main Results:

  • Low polymer concentrations and optimal power dissipation favor degradation.
  • Low frequencies are generally recommended, though high frequencies can be effective for water-soluble polymers.
  • Combined ultrasound and additive approaches demonstrate synergistic degradation effects.

Conclusions:

  • Ultrasonic irradiation is an efficient method for polymer degradation.
  • Optimizing operating parameters and utilizing combined approaches enhance degradation efficiency.
  • Additive selection is crucial for synergistic effects in combined processes.