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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps
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Perforator flaps: the next step in the reconstructive ladder?

K-D Wolff1

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany.

The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
|July 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Perforator flaps represent significant advancements in head and neck reconstruction, offering new donor sites and precise flap design. Their full potential in reconstructive surgery is still being explored.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Head and Neck Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Perforator flaps are considered a major advancement in reconstructive surgery.
  • Their application in head and neck reconstruction is evolving.
  • This paper reviews their development and clinical use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the development and current clinical use of perforator flaps in head and neck reconstruction.
  • To highlight specific examples of perforator flaps for intraoral defects.
  • To discuss the potential of perforator flap techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the development and clinical application of perforator flaps.
  • Description of four specific lower leg perforator flaps.
Keywords:
Donor sites at the lower legHead and neck reconstructionLateral suralMedial suralPerforator flapsPeronealSoleus

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  • Focus on intraoral defect coverage.

    • Main Results:

    • Perforator flaps offer a spectrum of new donor sites.
    • These flaps allow for precise flap design.
    • Four lower leg flaps are presented as examples for intraoral reconstruction.

    Conclusions:

    • Perforator flaps have significantly advanced head and neck reconstruction.
    • The described flaps are particularly useful for intraoral defects.
    • The full potential of perforator flap techniques in reconstructive surgery has not yet been realized.