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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

32.4K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

4.0K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
4.0K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

15.0K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
15.0K
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

112
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
112
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

9.6K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
9.6K
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

5.1K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
5.1K

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Composite Ni/NiO-Cr2O3 Catalyst for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Michael K Bates1, Qingying Jia1, Nagappan Ramaswamy1

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The Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and Interfaces
|July 21, 2015
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A novel Nickel-Chromium/Carbon (Ni-Cr/C) electrocatalyst shows exceptional activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline conditions. This Ni-Cr/C catalyst also demonstrates resistance to poisoning, a key advantage over platinum catalysts.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for clean energy production, but efficient catalysts are needed for alkaline electrolytes.
  • Existing nickel-based alloys often suffer from poor stability or activity in alkaline media.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a highly active and stable electrocatalyst for the HER in alkaline electrolyte.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of Ni, Cr, and carbon in enhancing HER performance.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical evaluation of various Ni-alloys and Ni/metal-oxide/C composites in 0.1 M KOH.
  • Material characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).
  • In situ XAS studies to understand catalytic mechanisms and stability under HER conditions.

Main Results:

  • Ni-Cr/C electrocatalyst exhibited unprecedented mass-activity for HER, surpassing Ni-Mo alloys.
  • XRD and XAS confirmed the presence of metallic Ni, NiO, and Cr2O3 phases, contributing to enhanced kinetics.
  • The catalyst demonstrated improved HER onset potential and stability, with Cr2O3 stabilizing NiO under reaction conditions.
  • The Ni-Cr/C catalyst showed resistance to poisoning by anion exchange ionomers, unlike platinum.

Conclusions:

  • The Ni-Cr/C electrocatalyst offers a promising, cost-effective alternative to platinum for HER in alkaline media.
  • Synergistic interactions between Ni/NiO sites and the stabilizing effect of Cr2O3 are key to the enhanced performance.
  • The catalyst's resistance to ionomer poisoning is a significant advantage for practical applications in anionic polymer electrolyte systems.