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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts01:20

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When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
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One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Free-form Light Actuators — Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale
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Optimized actuators for ultrathin deformable primary mirrors.

Marie Laslandes, Keith Patterson, Sergio Pellegrino

    Applied Optics
    |July 21, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces an optimized design for surface-parallel actuators in ultrathin mirrors, enhancing mirror correction and stroke. The novel electrode pattern improves performance over traditional designs for precise optical applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Materials Science
    • Precision Engineering
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Ultrathin and lightweight mirrors require advanced actuation systems for precise figure control.
    • Existing surface-parallel actuators face limitations in correctability and stroke for complex mirror surfaces.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel design and selection scheme for surface-parallel actuators for ultrathin, lightweight mirrors.
    • To optimize electrode shapes for maximizing mirror correctability and stroke.
    • To develop an actuation pattern generation method for improved performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing piezoelectric material with printed electrodes for full coverage actuation.
    • Optimizing electrode shapes based on mirror symmetry and imperfection modes.

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  • Generating actuator patterns through the intersection of optimized twin actuators.

    • Main Results:

    • The proposed design maximizes active piezoelectric material utilization.
    • Optimized actuator shapes significantly enhance mirror correctability and stroke.
    • The novel pattern generation method outperforms simple, geometrically based actuators.
    • Demonstrated actuator patterns for correcting third-order astigmatism aberrations.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed actuation scheme offers superior performance for ultrathin, lightweight mirrors.
    • This design enables finer actuation patterns for complex optical surface corrections.
    • Experimental validation confirms the effectiveness of the 41-actuator mirror system.