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    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study provides new formulas for frequency-modulation spectroscopy (FMS) signals, helping experimentalists predict strong signals at higher modulation depths. The findings reveal optimal parameters for enhanced FMS signal detection.

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    Area of Science:

    • Spectroscopy
    • Atomic and Molecular Physics
    • Physical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Existing frequency-modulation spectroscopy (FMS) models often simplify signals using weak modulation assumptions.
    • These simplifications limit experimentalists' ability to predict strong FMS signals at higher modulation depths.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop general formulas for FMS signals applicable to absorbers with a Voigt line shape.
    • To provide a computational method for predicting FMS signals across a range of modulation parameters.

    Main Methods:

    • Derivation of general expressions for FMS signals considering Voigt line shapes.
    • Integration of these expressions with existing numerical codes for line shape analysis.
    • Computational analysis to map FMS signal strength across modulation index and frequency coordinates.

    Main Results:

    • The study presents a computational recipe for calculating FMS signals for Voigt line shapes.
    • Identification of regions with larger FMS signals based on modulation index and frequency.
    • Curves are provided to estimate in-phase FMS signals across different broadening limits (Lorentzian and Doppler).

    Conclusions:

    • The developed formulas and computational approach enable accurate prediction of FMS signals, especially at higher modulation depths.
    • Experimentalists can utilize these tools to optimize FMS measurements for stronger signal detection.
    • The work bridges the gap between theoretical models and practical FMS experimentation.