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Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

853
Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
853
NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview01:15

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview

4.1K
The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
For instance, the proton...
4.1K
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

1.7K
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.7K
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds01:14

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds

2.0K
In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as...
2.0K
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

1.9K
When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
1.9K
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

2.1K
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
2.1K

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Fabrication and Characterization of High-Q Silicon Nitride Membrane Resonators
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Phase-shift feedback cavity ring-down spectroscopy.

Chris Hovde, Anthony L Gomez

    Applied Optics
    |July 21, 2015
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a new method, phase-shift feedback cavity ring down, to measure optical losses by varying modulation frequency. This technique accurately quantifies acetylene-induced losses in a nitrogen-filled cavity.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Physics
    • Spectroscopy
    • Cavity-Enhanced Techniques

    Background:

    • Phase-shift cavity-enhanced methods offer simple electronics for optical loss measurement.
    • Traditional methods rely on direct phase shift detection.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a novel cavity-enhanced technique for optical loss measurement.
    • To apply the technique for quantifying gas-induced optical losses.

    Main Methods:

    • Implemented a feedback loop to lock phase shift by varying intensity modulation frequency.
    • Utilized a super luminescent diode for measurements.
    • Applied the phase-shift feedback cavity ring down (PSF-CRD) technique.

    Main Results:

    • Modulation frequency directly correlates with cavity losses.
    • Successfully measured optical losses from acetylene addition to nitrogen.
    • Demonstrated the technique's viability at ambient temperature and pressure.

    Conclusions:

    • Phase-shift feedback cavity ring down provides an alternative to traditional phase-shift cavity ring-down spectroscopy.
    • The technique offers a robust method for optical loss quantification in gas sensing applications.