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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Neuroscience

Background:

  • Making errors typically induces negative emotions.
  • Witnessing errors may elicit negative social feedback.
  • The influence of implicit social feedback on error processing is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how implicit social feedback, specifically facial expressions, affects cognitive control.
  • To examine the role of observer affect in error processing and post-error adjustments.

Main Methods:

  • Adult participants completed a difficult perceptual task requiring line length estimation.
  • Task-irrelevant distractor faces with happy, sad, or neutral expressions were presented.
  • Post-error slowing, a measure of cognitive control, was analyzed in relation to distractor face valence.

Main Results:

  • Participants exhibited significantly increased post-error slowing when the subsequent distractor face was happy.
  • No significant post-error slowing was observed when the distractor face was sad or neutral.
  • Happy faces following correct responses did not elicit post-error slowing, indicating a valence- and error-dependent effect.

Conclusions:

  • Implicit social feedback, even from task-irrelevant stimuli, modulates cognitive control.
  • Observer affect, specifically positive affect (happiness), enhances adaptive responses following errors.
  • These findings highlight the performance- and valence-dependent impact of social cues on cognitive regulation.