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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

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The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
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Research Findings on Overactive Bladder.

Phani B Patra1, Sayani Patra2

  • 1King of Prussia, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa., USA.

Current Urology
|July 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Overactive bladder (OAB) arises from diverse conditions, affecting the urinary tract, brain, and spinal cord. Research reveals varied molecular changes, suggesting distinct OAB pathophysiologies for targeted drug development.

Keywords:
AgeingBladder outlet obstructionBrain injuryDepressionDiabetes mellitusInterstitial cystitisMultiple sclerosisParkinson's diseaseSpinal cord injuryStressStroke

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Last Updated: Apr 6, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Overactive bladder (OAB) is a condition with multiple underlying physiopathologic causes.
  • These causes range from aging and diabetes to neurological disorders and psychological stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review research findings on the physiopathology of OAB across various conditions.
  • To identify common and distinct structural and functional changes associated with OAB.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human and animal studies on OAB associated with conditions like aging, diabetes, neurological diseases, and stress.
  • Analysis of changes in the lower urinary tract, brain, and spinal cord.

Main Results:

  • Observed structural and functional changes in the lower urinary tract, brain, and spinal cord in OAB patients and animal models.
  • Identified significant alterations in neurotransmitters, prostaglandins, nerve growth factor, Rho-kinase, interstitial cells of Cajal, and ion channels.
  • Noted considerable variation in these alterations across different OAB-associated conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The pathophysiology of OAB appears to differ based on the underlying condition.
  • Understanding these variations is crucial for developing targeted OAB therapies.
  • This review provides a foundation for future research into specific OAB drug development.