Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

4.2K
Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
4.2K
Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

3.3K
Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
3.3K
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

1.2K
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
1.2K
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

44.9K
Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
44.9K
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

5.8K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
5.8K
Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

504
Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
504

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Assimilation of newly learned category features in the ventromedial prefrontal-anterior hippocampus system.

NeuroImage·2026
Same author

A multi-perspective analysis of the regulatory mechanisms governing pedicel abscission in tomato.

Plant cell reports·2026
Same author

Dynamic characteristics of brain networks in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder based on naturalistic paradigm.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same author

Hydrogen Gas Enhances Salinity Tolerance in Tomato Seedlings by Regulating the S-Nitrosylation of MEK1.

Plant biotechnology journal·2026
Same author

Temporal dynamics of flexible cognitive control.

NeuroImage·2026
Same author

Special Issue "The Role and Mechanism of Hydrogen Sulfide and ROS in Plants".

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks
11:18

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks

Published on: March 2, 2015

11.0K

Neural networks supporting switching, hypothesis testing, and rule application.

Zhiya Liu1, Kurt Braunlich2, Hillary S Wehe2

  • 1South China Normal University, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangzhou, China.

Neuropsychologia
|July 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Neural networks dynamically change during flexible rule learning and set-shifting tasks. Different brain networks support switching, hypothesis testing, and rule application phases, aiding cognitive flexibility.

Keywords:
Cognitive control networkFunctional connectivityFunctional networksHypothesis testingReversal learningSalience networkShiftingVentral striatum

More Related Videos

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents
09:13

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

Published on: May 3, 2012

15.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks
11:18

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks

Published on: March 2, 2015

11.0K
A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents
09:13

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

Published on: May 3, 2012

15.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Flexible rule learning and set-shifting are crucial cognitive functions.
  • Understanding the neural dynamics of these processes is key to cognitive flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate dynamic changes in neural connectivity networks during flexible rule learning and set-shifting.
  • To differentiate the neural substrates underlying switching, hypothesis testing, and rule application.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a Wisconsin Card Sort Task-like paradigm.
  • Univariate analyses and multivariate functional connectivity analysis (fMRI-CPCA).
  • Task phases defined as switching, hypothesis testing, and rule application.

Main Results:

  • Switching engaged limbic and salience networks (ventral striatum, thalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, anterior cingulate, frontoinsular cortex).
  • Hypothesis testing involved a fronto-parietal-striatal network, sensitive to rule learning speed.
  • Rule application showed increased activity in somatomotor and default mode networks.

Conclusions:

  • Neural network recruitment dynamically shifts across distinct phases of flexible cognitive tasks.
  • Distinct networks support different aspects of rule learning and set-shifting, contributing to cognitive flexibility.