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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Hepatitis01:25

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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What Will It Take to Cure HIV?

Jintanat Ananworanich1

  • 1US Military HIV Research Program and the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Topics in Antiviral Medicine
|July 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are exploring new HIV cure strategies, including early antiretroviral therapy and immune-based treatments to eliminate the virus. Detecting low virus levels remains a key challenge for achieving remission.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV but does not eliminate the latent viral reservoir.
  • Achieving a functional HIV cure or remission requires strategies to target this reservoir.
  • Early ART initiation and pre-exposure vaccination are being investigated to limit reservoir size.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize investigational strategies for HIV cure and remission.
  • To highlight therapeutic approaches for targeting latent HIV.
  • To identify needs in viral detection for HIV cure research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of investigational HIV cure and remission strategies.
  • Discussion of "shock and kill" approaches using histone deacetylase inhibitors.

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  • Exploration of immune-based therapies (antibodies, vaccines, immunotoxins).
  • Consideration of gene editing (e.g., CCR5 deletion) for target cell resistance.
  • Emphasis on the need for improved ultrasensitive viral detection assays.

    • Main Results:

    • Multiple strategies are under investigation for HIV cure and remission.
    • These include early ART, reservoir targeting, and immune-based therapies.
    • Gene editing offers potential for durable HIV resistance.

    Conclusions:

    • A multi-pronged approach is necessary for HIV cure and remission.
    • Targeting the latent reservoir is crucial.
    • Advancements in viral detection are essential for monitoring progress.