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The Retina01:32

The Retina

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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Unrenewable Cells00:50

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In humans, the photoreceptor cells of the eye and sensory hair cells of the ear lack stem cells. These cells are thus unrenewable and cannot be replaced when they are damaged or destroyed.
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An Isolated Retinal Preparation to Record Light Response from Genetically Labeled Retinal Ganglion Cells
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[Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells].

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    |July 24, 2015
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Intrinsically photosensitive retinal cells play a key role in vision and circadian rhythms. Chromatic pupillography offers a sensitive method for detecting retinal diseases, even in early stages.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Neuroscience
    • Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are crucial for circadian photoentrainment and pupillary light responses.
    • Recent research highlights their accessory visual functions in humans.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review current knowledge on ipRGCs.
    • To explore the clinical implications of ipRGCs, particularly in retinal diseases.

    Main Methods:

    • Discussion of chromatic pupillography as a method to isolate pupil light reactions.
    • Review of studies investigating ipRGC function in various conditions.

    Main Results:

    • ipRGCs contribute to circadian rhythms and pupil constriction.
    • Chromatic pupillography can objectively assess retinal function.
    • Pupil light reactions are sensitive indicators of photoreceptor activity, especially in hereditary retinal degenerations like retinitis pigmentosa.

    Conclusions:

    • ipRGCs have significant implications for clinical practice.
    • Chromatic pupillography may serve as an objective clinical test for retinal diseases.
    • This method shows promise for assessing therapeutic approaches in inherited retinal disorders.