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Malaria

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...

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Methods to Increase the Sensitivity of High Resolution Melting Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping in Malaria

Methods to Increase the Sensitivity of High Resolution Melting Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping in Malaria

Published on: November 10, 2015

Malaria diagnosis for malaria elimination.

Peter A Zimmerman¹, Rosalind E Howes

¹The Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

|July 24, 2015

Summary

Malaria diagnostic methods have limits of detection (LOD). Nucleic acid amplification tests detect submicroscopic malaria infections, crucial for elimination efforts. Standardizing these advanced strategies is key for global malaria eradication.

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Area of Science:

Malariology
Diagnostic Technologies
Public Health

Background:

Blood smear microscopy limitations hindered past malaria elimination programs.
All diagnostic methods possess a limit of detection (LOD) impacting individual identification.
Assessing progress in malaria elimination is challenging when infections fall below the LOD.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare current diagnostic technologies for malaria.
To analyze factors influencing the limit of detection (LOD) of diagnostic methods.
To evaluate the potential roles of diagnostic technologies in malaria elimination.

Main Methods:

Review of available diagnostic technologies for malaria.
Analysis of targets for malaria diagnosis: parasite cells, proteins, nucleic acids, hemozoin, and antibodies.
Evaluation of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) and target enrichment strategies.

Main Results:

NAATs and target enrichment consistently identify a submicroscopic parasite reservoir missed by other methods.
Diagnostic targets include parasite-containing cells, proteins, hemozoin, nucleic acids, and antibodies.
Exploiting hemozoin's magnetic properties offers potential for noninvasive malaria diagnosis.

Conclusions:

Microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests are effective for malaria control surveillance.
Developing and standardizing strategies to detect submicroscopic infections is essential for malaria elimination.
Advanced diagnostic approaches are needed to guide global malaria eradication efforts.