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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
1.0K
Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
15.4K
Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

19.8K
The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias01:16

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias

1.1K
Arrhythmias are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that lead to abnormal heartbeats. These irregularities can originate from different parts of the heart and are classified based on their origin and nature.
Types of Arrhythmias
Sinus Node Arrhythmias
Sinus Bradycardia: Originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus bradycardia involves slower impulses, resulting in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). Causes include sleep, vagal stimulation, beta-blockers, hypothyroidism,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Networks on Multiwell Micro-electrode Arrays for Recurrent Action Potential Recordings
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The Early Repolarization Pattern: A Consensus Paper.

Peter W Macfarlane1, Charles Antzelevitch2, Michel Haissaguerre3

  • 1Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Electrocardiology Section, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology
|July 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early repolarization, an electrocardiographic pattern, is now defined using a specific Jp measure (≥0.1 mV) to clarify its association with sudden cardiac arrest, moving beyond previous benign interpretations.

Keywords:
cardiac arrhythmiaselectrocardiographyend-QRS notching/slurringheart conduction systemsudden cardiac deathventricular fibrillation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrocardiography
  • Cardiac Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Early repolarization (ER) is an electrocardiographic pattern with a long history.
  • Previously considered benign, ER was linked to sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) from idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF) in 2008.
  • This association led to significant confusion regarding the definition of ER.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish an agreed-upon definition for early repolarization.
  • To facilitate future research by resolving definitional ambiguity.
  • To delineate specific electrocardiographic measures for ER identification.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of existing definitions of the early repolarization pattern.
  • Identification and selection of key electrocardiographic measures for defining ER.
  • Establishment of a consensus definition based on these measures.

Main Results:

  • An agreed definition for early repolarization has been established.
  • The definition requires measurement of the Jp, representing the peak of an end-QRS notch and/or the onset of an end-QRS slur.
  • The criterion for ER presence is Jp ≥ 0.1 mV; ST-segment elevation is not required.

Conclusions:

  • The new definition provides a standardized approach to identifying early repolarization.
  • This consensus definition aims to reduce confusion and improve the quality of research in this field.
  • Clarifying ER definition is crucial for understanding its role in cardiac events like SCA.