Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

9.2K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
9.2K
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

4.7K
The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
4.7K
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

10.6K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
10.6K
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

8.9K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
8.9K
Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

45.7K
The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
45.7K
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

1.5K
The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
1.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of different doses of recombinant equine chorionic gonadotropin on follicular dynamics and blood perfusion in Holstein donors subjected to synchronization protocols for OPU.

Theriogenology·2026
Same author

Effect of recombinant equine chorionic gonadotropin on fertility of lactating dairy cows.

Theriogenology·2026
Same author

A data fusion approach unveils the effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on the rumen fluid and milk metabolomes of lactating Holstein dairy cows.

Journal of dairy science·2026
Same author

Dominant follicle blood flow at the onset of proestrus does not affect steroid hormones, endometrial receptors, or follicular perfusion in beef cows under FTAI treatment regimens.

Theriogenology·2025
Same author

Effects of intramammary infection and dry-off treatment on the immune-metabolic profile of Alpine dairy goats.

Journal of dairy science·2025
Same author

Effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on enteric methane emissions and milk production characteristics in dairy cows fed a high corn-silage diet in different environmental conditions.

Journal of dairy science·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
12:09

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: June 14, 2014

19.9K

The auditory space in the motor system.

L Cattaneo1, G Barchiesi1

  • 1Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Italy.

Neuroscience
|July 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals auditory spatial tuning in the upper limb motor system. Sound location information influences arm movements, demonstrating rapid audio-motor associations via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Auditory Perception

Background:

  • Sensorimotor associations link sensory input to motor output, primarily studied in vision.
  • Auditory-spatial sensorimotor associations and their impact on the upper limb are less understood.
  • The motor cortex's role in processing auditory spatial information for upper limb control requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and characteristics of spatially-directed audio-motor associations in the human upper limb.
  • To determine the latency and origin of auditory spatial information processing within the motor system.
  • To explore the directional tuning of the corticospinal system in response to auditory stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left motor cortex in 16 healthy participants.
Keywords:
colliculusmotor controlperipersonal spacereachingsensorimotor transformationsounds

More Related Videos

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

12.3K
Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning
08:43

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Published on: October 22, 2015

10.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
12:09

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: June 14, 2014

19.9K
Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

12.3K
Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning
08:43

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Published on: October 22, 2015

10.9K

  • Recorded TMS-evoked forearm accelerations using an accelerometer.
  • Presented acoustic stimuli from 25 directions in the anterior half-plane, varying the interval between sound onset and TMS.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant correlations between sound origin and TMS-evoked arm accelerations were observed.
    • This tuning was specifically detected when TMS was applied 50ms before sound onset.
    • Demonstrated instantaneous directional tuning in the upper limb motor system for auditory spatial information.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings confirm auditory spatial tuning within the upper limb motor system.
    • Auditory spatial information rapidly accesses the motor system, with potential subcortical or cortical origins.
    • TMS-evoked accelerations effectively revealed precise directional tuning in audio-motor associations.