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Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated...
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The destabilization of microtubules can occur during different stages of the microtubule lifecycle, such as nucleation or elongation. It can take place at either end of the microtubule or in the microtubule lattices as a whole. The lifespan of individual microtubules within a cell varies according to the cell type and stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the lifespan of the microtubule is about 30 minutes, while during cell division, it is about 15 minutes. In axonal microtubules of...
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The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic structure performing varied functions based on cellular requirements. The adaptability of the individual filaments in the cytoskeleton determines their ability to perform various functions within the cell. It can undergo rapid reorganization during processes like cell division or remain stable for several hours as in the interphase. The adaptability of these filaments depends on stringent regulatory mechanisms. The microfilament and microtubules of the...
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The cytoskeletal architecture can be studied using different microscopic and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy was instrumental in discovering the cytoskeletal architecture around the 1960s, which allowed obtaining structural information at a high-resolution level. However, the sample preparation procedure often limits this ability in biological samples. Several protocols have been developed over the years to optimize sample preparation. In one of the protocols known as rotary...
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Simultaneous Visualization of the Dynamics of Crosslinked and Single Microtubules In Vitro by TIRF Microscopy
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Deceivingly dynamic: Learning-dependent changes in stathmin and microtubules.

Shusaku Uchida1, Gleb P Shumyatsky2

  • 1Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
|July 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Microtubules, essential for brain function, are dynamic and crucial for memory formation. Learning alters microtubule stability via stathmin, impacting synaptic plasticity and memory encoding.

Keywords:
AMPARBiphasicContextual fear conditioningDentate gyrusHippocampusMemory consolidationMicrotubulesStathmin

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Microtubules were historically viewed as stable neuronal components.
  • Emerging research highlights their dynamic nature and critical role in synaptic function and memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the dynamic role of microtubules in learning and memory.
  • Elucidate the regulatory mechanisms controlling microtubule dynamics during memory encoding.

Main Methods:

  • Examined changes in microtubule turnover and stability following learning.
  • Assessed the role of stathmin phosphorylation in regulating microtubule dynamics.
  • Investigated the impact of microtubule manipulation on synaptic plasticity and memory.

Main Results:

  • Learning induces biphasic shifts in microtubule stability regulated by stathmin phosphorylation.
  • These shifts modulate synaptic transport of AMPA receptors (GluA2 subunit).
  • Pharmacological targeting of microtubule dynamics affects long-term memory.

Conclusions:

  • Stathmin and microtubule dynamics are key regulators of early memory encoding.
  • Dysregulation is linked to neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease and depression.
  • Identified novel molecular players in memory formation processes.