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Related Concept Videos

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Related Experiment Video

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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HDL as a Target for Glycemic Control.

Boris Waldman1, Alicia J Jenkins2, David Sullivan3

  • 1NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, ABN 15 211 513 464, Locked Bag 77 Camperdown NSW 1450, Australia.

Current Drug Targets
|July 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) may offer new treatments for type 2 diabetes by improving insulin secretion and glucose uptake. Further research is needed to understand HDL

Keywords:
ApolipoproteinA-IHDLHDL functionglycemiahigh density lipoproteininsulin resistancetype 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Metabolic Disease Research
  • Pharmacotherapy Development

Background:

  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is traditionally linked to cardiovascular health via reverse cholesterol transport.
  • Emerging evidence suggests HDL biology significantly influences type 2 diabetes (T2D) onset and progression.
  • HDL's role extends beyond cholesterol, impacting insulin secretion, beta-cell survival, glucose uptake, and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the rationale and potential for HDL-based pharmacotherapy in managing type 2 diabetes.
  • To emphasize the challenges posed by diabetes-related HDL dysfunction and biomarker selection.
  • To explore altered HDL metabolism in T2D and potential therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological, basic science, and human intervention studies.
  • Analysis of HDL metabolism, function, and particle characteristics in the context of diabetes.
  • Examination of potential HDL-targeted therapies and biomarkers for T2D.

Main Results:

  • HDL's complex relationship with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes is highlighted.
  • Multiple pathways exist where HDL improvements may ameliorate T2D progression.
  • Diabetes exacerbates HDL dysfunction, complicating therapeutic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • HDL-based therapies hold promise for type 2 diabetes treatment, despite significant challenges.
  • Understanding diabetes-related HDL dysfunction is crucial for developing effective interventions.
  • Further research into HDL metabolism and function in T2D is essential for clinical advancements.