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Related Concept Videos

What is a Hypothesis?01:14

What is a Hypothesis?

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A hypothesis can be a simple sentence or statement about a property or any phenomenon observed or predicted for a population. It is usually a claim about a  property of the population. It can be stated for any field observations or experiments. A hypothesis statement cannot be said to be right or wrong as it is merely a statement. It needs to be tested through an elaborate data collection process and an appropriate statistical test. A hypothesis should be a general but not a vague...
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Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence01:16

Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence

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The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...
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Types of Hypothesis Testing01:11

Types of Hypothesis Testing

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There are three types of hypothesis tests: right-tailed, left-tailed, and two-tailed.
When the null and alternative hypotheses are stated, it is observed that the null hypothesis is a neutral statement against which the alternative hypothesis is tested. The alternative hypothesis is a claim that instead has a certain direction. If the null hypothesis claims that p = 0.5, the alternative hypothesis would be an opposing statement to this and can be put either p > 0.5, p < 0.5, or p...
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Errors In Hypothesis Tests01:14

Errors In Hypothesis Tests

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When performing a hypothesis test, there are four possible outcomes depending on the actual truth (or falseness) of the null hypothesis and the decision to reject or not.
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Statistical Hypothesis Testing01:16

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

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Hypothesis testing is a critical statistical procedure facilitating informed, evidence-based decisions. It begins with a hypothesis, which is a tentative explanation, or a prediction about a population parameter. This hypothesis can be either a null hypothesis (H0), indicating no effect or difference, or an alternative hypothesis (Ha), suggesting an effect or difference.
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Related Experiment Videos

The Dehydrogenase Hypothesis.

Conor Woods1, Jeremy W Tomlinson

  • 1Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Leisnter, Ireland.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) enzymes regulate tissue glucocorticoid (GC) activity. Dysregulation of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 is linked to metabolic diseases and hypertension, respectively, suggesting therapeutic potential.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Glucocorticoids (GCs) are regulated by the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, but tissue-specific availability is controlled by 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) isoforms.
  • 11β-HSD1 amplifies local cortisol action in metabolic tissues, while 11β-HSD2 inactivates cortisol in mineralocorticoid target tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the molecular biology and enzymology of 11β-HSD isoforms.
  • To explore the role of 11β-HSD in normal physiology.
  • To examine altered 11β-HSD activity in pathological states and its therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of 11β-HSD molecular biology and enzymology.
  • Analysis of the physiological roles of 11β-HSD isoforms.
  • Review of pathological conditions associated with 11β-HSD dysregulation.

Main Results:

  • 11β-HSD1 activity is implicated in metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes.
  • 11β-HSD2 mutations cause Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess; decreased activity is linked to hypertension.
  • Altered 11β-HSD activity presents therapeutic opportunities.

Conclusions:

  • 11β-HSD enzymes are critical regulators of local GC bioavailability.
  • Targeting 11β-HSD offers potential therapeutic strategies for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.