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Updated: Apr 6, 2026
Intra-Cardiac Injection of Human Prostate Cancer Cells to Create a Bone Metastasis Xenograft Mouse Model
Published on: November 4, 2022
Immune Infiltration and Prostate Cancer
1Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA ; Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA.
Abstract:
It is becoming increasingly clear that inflammation influences prostate cancer (PCa) development and that immune cells are among the primary drivers of this effect. This information has launched numerous clinical trials testing immunotherapy drugs in PCa patients. The results of these studies are promising but have yet to generate a complete response. Importantly, the precise immune profile that determines clinical outcome remains unresolved. Individual immune cell types are divided into various functional subsets whose effects on tumor development may differ depending on their particular phenotype and functional status, which is often shaped by the tumor microenvironment. Thus, this review aims to examine the current knowledge regarding the role of inflammation and specific immune cell types in mediating PCa progression to assist in directing and optimizing immunotherapy targets, regimens, and responses and to uncover areas in which further research is needed. Finally, a summary of ongoing immunotherapy clinical trials in PCa is provided.
Insights
Inflammation and immune cells significantly impact prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Understanding specific immune profiles is crucial for optimizing immunotherapy effectiveness and patient outcomes in PCa treatment.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Immunology
- Cancer Research
Background:
- Inflammation plays a key role in prostate cancer (PCa) development.
- Immune cells are primary drivers of inflammation-associated PCa.
- Current immunotherapy trials show promise but lack complete response rates.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the role of inflammation and immune cells in PCa progression.
- To identify optimal immunotherapy targets, regimens, and response predictors.
- To highlight areas for future research in PCa immunotherapy.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of current knowledge on inflammation and PCa.
- Analysis of immune cell subsets and their role in tumor microenvironment.
- Summary of ongoing clinical trials for PCa immunotherapy.
Main Results:
- The precise immune profile dictating clinical outcomes in PCa is not yet fully understood.
- Different immune cell subsets have varying effects on tumor development.
- The tumor microenvironment significantly influences immune cell function.
Conclusions:
- Further research is needed to elucidate specific immune profiles for effective PCa immunotherapy.
- Optimizing immunotherapy requires a deeper understanding of inflammation's role.
- Identifying predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy response is critical for PCa patients.
