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Inflammation

Inflammation

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and glycolipids, also play unique roles to support various biological processes .
Fat-soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are required in minimal quantities, but their deficiencies can lead to severely abnormal physiological conditions. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, dry skin,...

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile

Understanding serum lipids is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing heart disease and stroke.
Serum lipids are fats and fatty substances in the blood and are crucial for various bodily functions, including energy storage, cellular structure, and hormone production. Serum lipids consist of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
Cholesterol is a soft, fat-like substance found in all body cells. It is crucial for producing hormones, vitamin D, and substances that aid...

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...

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Updated: Apr 6, 2026

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Published on: June 12, 2013

Atherogenic lipids and macrophage subsets.

Godfrey S Getz¹, Catherine A Reardon

¹The University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Current Opinion in Lipidology

|July 29, 2015

Summary

Macrophage subsets in arteries form foam cells through various lipid uptake mechanisms, contributing to atherosclerotic lesion inflammation. Understanding this heterogeneity is key to developing new therapeutic strategies.

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Biology
Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Macrophage foam cells are central to vascular wall inflammation in atherosclerosis.
Recent research highlights significant heterogeneity among macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advances in understanding foam cell formation by distinct macrophage subsets in atherosclerotic plaques.
To discuss the role of macrophage heterogeneity in atherosclerotic lesion development.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on macrophage biology in atherosclerosis.
Analysis of studies investigating lipid uptake and cellular responses in macrophage subsets.

Main Results:

Macrophage subsets differentiate based on the arterial microenvironment.

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An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

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Lipoprotein uptake, particularly oxidized LDL, is a primary driver of foam cell formation.

M2 macrophages efficiently engulf apoptotic cells, contributing to lipid accumulation.

The response of macrophage subsets to bioactive lipids and their role in polarization and foam cell formation are emerging areas of study.

Conclusions:

Appreciation of macrophage heterogeneity in atherosclerotic plaques is growing.
Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying differential foam cell formation and lipid responses among macrophage subsets.