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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Surgery of the thyroid: recent developments and perspective.

Jordi Vidal Fortuny1, Sébastien Guigard, Wolfram Karenovics

  • 1Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.

Swiss Medical Weekly
|July 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid surgery has evolved from a dangerous procedure with high mortality to a safe operation. Modern thyroidectomy offers excellent outcomes, with cancer, hyperthyroidism, and goiters as primary indications.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrine Surgery
  • Surgical History
  • Thyroidology

Background:

  • Thyroidectomy in the early 1900s was characterized by high mortality rates (>36%) due to complications like bleeding, infection, recurrent laryngeal nerve damage, and hypocalcemia.
  • Lack of anatomical knowledge and technical skill led to significant risks, resulting in temporary surgical bans in some countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical evolution of thyroid surgery over the past century.
  • To describe key physiological and technical advancements that have improved thyroidectomy safety and efficacy.
  • To discuss current trends and future expectations in the field of thyroid surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of thyroidectomy practices and outcomes.
  • Analysis of advancements in surgical techniques and physiological understanding.
  • Examination of contemporary indications and safety profiles of thyroid surgery.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid surgery has transformed into a highly safe procedure with near-zero mortality and low complication rates.
  • Indications have shifted, with thyroid cancer, hyperthyroidism, and large goiters accounting for 90% of current procedures.
  • Significant increases in thyroidectomy volumes are observed globally and in specialized centers.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid surgery has undergone a remarkable transformation, becoming a safe and common procedure.
  • Continued advancements promise further improvements in patient outcomes and surgical precision.
  • Understanding historical context is crucial for appreciating modern surgical safety and efficacy.