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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
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Advances in hepatitis C therapies.

Zoe Mariño1, Sabela Lens, Martina Gambato

  • 1Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS , C/Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona , Spain +1 34 93 2275400 ; xforns@clinic.ub.es.

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New direct-acting antivirals offer a revolution in hepatitis C treatment. This review analyzes antiviral strategies and combinations for chronic hepatitis C infection, aiding physician treatment choices.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) represent a significant advancement in hepatitis C therapy.
  • These potent antiviral drugs have transformed the prognosis of hepatitis C-related liver disease.
  • The review focuses on chronic hepatitis C infection management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the current status of various antiviral strategies for hepatitis C.
  • To analyze the efficacy of different direct-acting antiviral combinations.
  • To provide recommendations for optimal treatment selection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of major clinical trials and real-world data.
  • Inclusion of data from international liver congresses.
  • Incorporation of updated international treatment guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Direct-acting antivirals demonstrate high potency and efficacy.
  • Various combinations offer effective treatment options for chronic hepatitis C.
  • Treatment decisions are influenced by drug availability and healthcare budgets.

Conclusions:

  • Physicians can select optimal hepatitis C treatment based on efficacy and patient factors.
  • Consideration of global healthcare budget differences is crucial for drug accessibility.
  • The review provides guidance for choosing the best hepatitis C therapeutic strategy.