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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

2.2K
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
9.1K
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

6.7K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
6.7K
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

8.8K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
8.8K
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

3.5K
Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
3.5K
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

1.8K
Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

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Thyroid dysfunction: an autoimmune aspect.

Farah Aziz Khan1, Noura Al-Jameil1, Mohammad Fareed Khan1

  • 1Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University Riyadh, K.S.A.

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
|July 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), like Hashimoto thyroiditis and Grave's disease, result from the immune system attacking thyroid autoantigens. This process involves T cells and cytokines, leading to gland destruction and potential malignancy predictors.

Keywords:
Autoimmunityantibodycytokineslymphocytesthyroglobulinthyroid peroxidase

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a common organ-specific autoimmune disorder.
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and Grave's disease (GD) are well-known sequelae of AITD.
  • These conditions arise from a loss of immune tolerance to thyroid autoantigens like thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the mechanisms underlying autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD).
  • To highlight the role of T cells and cytokines in thyroid gland destruction.
  • To identify key autoantigens and their implications in AITD and thyroid malignancy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on autoimmune thyroid disease pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of the roles of T cells, autoantibodies (TPOAb, TgAb), and cytokines in thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Examination of the association between thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid malignancy.

Main Results:

  • Loss of tolerance to TPO, Tg, and TSH-R leads to thyroid gland infiltration.
  • T cells in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (cAIT) induce apoptosis and destruction of thyroid follicular cells.
  • TPO antibodies are prevalent in HT and GD; Tg is an independent predictor of thyroid malignancy.
  • Various cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, TNF-α, IFN-γ) are present in thyroid follicular cells, enhancing inflammation via nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins.

Conclusions:

  • AITD pathogenesis involves complex interactions between immune cells and autoantigens.
  • Cytokines play a crucial role in amplifying the inflammatory response within the thyroid gland.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for managing AITD and assessing thyroid cancer risk.