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Related Concept Videos

Confounding in Epidemiological Studies01:27

Confounding in Epidemiological Studies

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Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
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The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development
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Alcohol and Difficulty Conceiving in the SUN Cohort: A Nested Case-Control Study.

Cristina Lopez-del Burgo1,2,3,4, Alfredo Gea5,6,7,8, Jokin de Irala9,10,11,12

  • 1Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. cldelburgo@unav.es.

Nutrients
|July 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found no link between alcohol consumption and difficulty conceiving. Moderate alcohol intake did not increase the risk of fertility issues in women trying to get pregnant.

Keywords:
alcoholbeerdietfertilitynested case-control studywine

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • The impact of alcohol consumption on female fertility is not well-established.
  • Previous research has yielded conflicting results regarding alcohol's effect on conception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between alcohol intake, including specific beverage types, and the risk of experiencing difficulty getting pregnant.
  • To analyze the relationship between weekly alcohol consumption and fertility challenges in a Spanish cohort.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study nested within the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort.
  • Inclusion of 686 case-control pairs matched for age and cohort duration.
  • Data collected via biennial mailed questionnaires assessing self-reported difficulty conceiving and alcohol consumption patterns.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant association was found between overall weekly alcohol consumption (more than 5 drinks/week) and difficulty conceiving (OR=1.04, 95% CI=0.72-1.51).
  • Consumption of specific alcoholic beverages, including wine, beer, and spirits (more than 5 drinks/week), did not show a significant association with fertility issues.
  • Adjusted analyses for potential confounders did not alter these findings.

Conclusions:

  • Current findings suggest no direct association between alcohol intake and the risk of consulting a physician for difficulty conceiving.
  • Further research is warranted to definitively clarify the effects of alcohol on female fertility.
  • Recommendations regarding alcohol consumption for couples attempting conception should be made with caution.