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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
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Patient-based radiographic exposure factor selection: a systematic review.

William Ching1, John Robinson1, Mark McEntee1

  • 1Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, University of Sydney Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia.

Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
|August 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Digital radiography

Area of Science:

  • Radiologic Technology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Digital imaging's wide exposure latitude can mask underexposure/overexposure, impacting diagnosis and patient dose.
  • Exposure errors stem from incorrect factor adjustments for patient thickness variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify published radiographic exposure adaptation systems used in general radiography.
  • To discuss their applicability to digital radiography systems.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SCOPUS databases.
  • Manual search in The Radiographer and Radiologic Technology journals.
  • Inclusion of studies demonstrating exposure factor alteration for patient variations.

Main Results:

Keywords:
Exposureradiography

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  • 11 articles from databases and 13 from journals discussed exposure adaptation systems.
  • Identified systems include one-step guidelines, comprehensive charts, and computer programs.
  • Conclusions:

    • Limited assessment of exposure adjustment system efficacy found.
    • No literature compares film/screen vs. digital radiography adaptation systems.
    • No digital-specific exposure adaptation systems identified in the literature.