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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Thyroid Paraganglioma.

Sun Mi Lee, Maria Luisa C Policarpio-Nicolas1

  • 1From the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio.

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
|August 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid paragangliomas are rare tumors. Accurate diagnosis requires immunohistochemical stains and consideration of genetic testing for SDHB mutations to assess metastatic risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Thyroid paragangliomas are rare tumors originating from the inferior laryngeal paraganglia.
  • They predominantly affect females, often presenting as asymptomatic thyroid nodules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges of thyroid paragangliomas.
  • To emphasize the role of immunohistochemistry and genetic testing in diagnosis and risk stratification.

Main Methods:

  • Histological examination with a characteristic zellballen pattern.
  • Application of a panel of immunohistochemical stains including cytokeratin, parathyroid hormone, thyroid transcription factor 1, tyrosine hydroxylase, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, S100, calcitonin, and carcinoembryonic antigen.
  • Assessment of succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B (SDHB) immunoexpression for genetic testing triage.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid paragangliomas can be misdiagnosed as other thyroid neoplasms, including follicular neoplasm, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and secondary neuroendocrine tumors.
  • Loss of SDHB immunoexpression is a key indicator for genetic mutations associated with metastatic potential.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of thyroid paragangliomas relies on comprehensive histological and immunohistochemical analysis.
  • Surgical management typically involves thyroidectomy, with lymph node dissection generally not indicated.
  • Postoperative care includes hormonal evaluation and imaging to monitor for multifocal or metastatic disease.