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Related Concept Videos

Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

25.5K
Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
25.5K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

11.7K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
11.7K
Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:27

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

835
Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
In Schottky junctions, where the semiconductor is n-type, applying a positive voltage to the metal relative to the semiconductor reduces its Fermi...
835
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.6K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.6K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

1.4K
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
1.4K
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

14.7K
Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
14.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

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Alkali-Metal Spin Maser.

W Chalupczak1, P Josephs-Franks1

  • 1National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|August 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

We observed nonlinear spin dynamics in atomic samples using continuous quantum measurement. This led to complete sample polarization and spin oscillations, eliminating collisional broadening in spectral profiles.

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Optics
  • Atomic Physics
  • Quantum Measurement

Background:

  • Quantum measurement involves system read-out and perturbation.
  • Continuous measurement probes collective spin states in atomic ensembles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Explore nonlinear spin dynamics from probe beam interaction.
  • Investigate effects of nonlinear dynamics on spectral properties.

Main Methods:

  • Continuous measurement of collective spin state in alkali-metal atoms.
  • Utilizing a linearly polarized probe beam for perturbation.
  • Analyzing radio frequency and spin noise spectra.

Main Results:

  • Observed probe-beam-driven nonlinear spin dynamics.

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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
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  • Demonstrated complete sample polarization and macroscopic spin oscillations.
  • Reported spectral profiles free from collisional broadening.

    • Conclusions:

    • Nonlinear dynamics can induce complete atomic polarization and coherent spin oscillations.
    • Continuous measurement reveals novel phenomena in quantum systems.
    • Elimination of collisional broadening offers new avenues for high-resolution spectroscopy.