Hydrogen Bond Formation between the Carotenoid Canthaxanthin and the Silanol Group on MCM-41 Surface

The formation of one or two hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between canthaxanthin (CAN), a dye, and the silanol group(s) on the MCM-41 surface has been studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and calorimetric experiments. It was found that the formation of the H-bond(s) stabilized the CAN molecule more than its radical cation (CAN(•+)). The charge distribution, bond lengths, and the HOMO and LUMO energies of CAN are also affected. The formation of the H-bond(s) explains the lower photoinduced electron transfer efficiency of CAN imbedded in Cu-MCM-41 versus that for β-carotene (CAR) imbedded in Cu-MCM-41 where complex formation with Cu(2+) dominates. These calculations show that to achieve high electron transfer efficiency for a dye-sensitized solar cell, H-bonding between the dye and the host should be avoided.