Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

2.3K
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
2.3K
Amnesia01:13

Amnesia

849
Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
Retrograde amnesia is marked by the loss of memories formed before the onset of the condition. Patients may recall distant past events but often forget those occurring shortly before the incident.
Anterograde...
849
Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

1.2K
Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
1.2K
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

577
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
577
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

1.6K
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
1.6K
Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

405
A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
405

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Where we look, what we know: how hippocampal predictions shape, and are shaped by, eye movements.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same author

Enhanced Contour-Deviant Mismatch Negativity and Mnemonic Representations in Older Musicians.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
Same author

Brain Structures and Cognitive Decline: Moderation Analysis of the PACt-MD Randomized Clinical Trial of Brain Stimulation Plus Cognitive Remediation in Older Adults With Remitted Depression or Mild Cognitive Impairment.

The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry·2026
Same author

Aphantasia is associated with spatial memory and navigation difficulties in complex virtual environments.

Neuropsychologia·2026
Same author

Functional Dissociation of Mismatch Negativity From Late Discriminative Negativity Across the Adult Lifespan.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
Same author

The Canadian multi-ethnic research on aging (CAMERA) study: Design, participant characteristics, and preliminary findings.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

13.3K

Relational learning and transitive expression in aging and amnesia.

Jennifer D Ryan1,2,3, Maria C D'Angelo1, Daphne Kamino1

  • 1Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Hippocampus
|August 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging impairs relational memory, but prior knowledge can aid inference. Older adults and amnesic patient DA showed deficits in learning arbitrary relations, highlighting hippocampal role in relational memory.

Keywords:
agingamnesiahippocampusmemorysemantic knowledgetransitivity

More Related Videos

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans
11:09

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans

Published on: July 17, 2021

3.5K
Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke
09:45

Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke

Published on: March 22, 2016

10.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 6, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

13.3K
RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans
11:09

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans

Published on: July 17, 2021

3.5K
Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke
09:45

Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke

Published on: March 22, 2016

10.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Aging is linked to relational memory decline, impacting the hippocampus.
  • The hippocampus is crucial for relational memory and flexible information expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate aging-related deficits in relational learning and flexible expression.
  • To compare older adults' performance with amnesic patient DA to assess medial temporal lobe contributions.

Main Methods:

  • Adapted the transitivity paradigm for human participants.
  • Tested younger adults, older adults, and amnesic patient DA across four experimental conditions.
  • Varied pre-experimental knowledge of stimuli and relations.

Main Results:

  • Older adults and DA performed similarly to younger adults with known semantic relations.
  • Older adults and DA showed deficits with arbitrary relations, but older adults improved using prior knowledge.
  • DA could not learn novel arbitrary relations or use existing knowledge for inferences.

Conclusions:

  • Aging may not universally impair relational memory if prior knowledge is leveraged.
  • Hippocampal function is critical for learning novel arbitrary relations.
  • Damage to medial temporal lobe, ventromedial prefrontal, and anterior temporal regions impacts flexible relational knowledge expression.