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Related Concept Videos

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of...
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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors
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An excitatory GABA loop operating in vivo.

Guadalupe Astorga1, Jin Bao1, Alain Marty1

  • 1Laboratory of Cerebral Physiology, CNRS and University Paris Descartes Paris, France.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|August 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA can excite neurons in the adult mouse cerebellum. This occurs via chloride-permeable GABAA receptors, creating a positive feedback loop that enhances parallel fiber excitation.

Keywords:
GABAcalciumcerebelluminterneuronsparallel fibers

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Biology
  • Neurophysiology

Background:

  • The neurotransmitter GABA is typically inhibitory, but can be excitatory in the mammalian brain.
  • Mechanisms and conditions for excitatory GABA action require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the circumstances and cellular mechanisms of potential excitatory GABA action in the mammalian brain.
  • To explore the role of GABA in the cerebellar cortex of adult mice.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo optogenetics and two-photon calcium imaging in adult mice.
  • Electrophysiological recordings in the cerebellar molecular layer.

Main Results:

  • Activation of chloride-permeable GABAA receptors on parallel fibers (PFs) induced excitation.
  • GABA release from molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) created a positive feedback loop, enhancing PF excitation.
  • Evidence suggests elevated intracellular chloride in mature neurons.

Conclusions:

  • GABAA receptors can play an excitatory role in the adult mammalian cerebellar cortex.
  • Specific intracellular compartments may maintain elevated chloride concentrations in mature neurons.
  • A positive feedback mechanism involving GABA enhances neuronal excitation in the cerebellum.