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Related Concept Videos

Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

19.0K
The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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Heterochromatin02:38

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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Author Spotlight: Efficient Nucleosome Reconstitution for Single-Molecule Techniques
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RNAi and heterochromatin assembly.

Robert Martienssen1, Danesh Moazed2

  • 1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724.

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RNA interference (RNAi) plays a key role in heterochromatin formation, particularly in fission yeast and plants. This review details the production of heterochromatic small interfering RNAs and the RNAi machinery

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Heterochromatin formation is crucial for genome stability and gene regulation.
  • RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are increasingly recognized for their role in epigenetic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of heterochromatic small interfering RNA (siRNA) production.
  • To explain the participation of RNAi machinery in heterochromatin assembly and function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of key studies in model organisms like fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and plants (Arabidopsis thaliana).
  • Analysis of molecular pathways involved in siRNA biogenesis and heterochromatin establishment.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of conserved RNAi pathways contributing to heterochromatin in diverse eukaryotes.
  • Identification of specific siRNA classes and their roles in guiding heterochromatin formation.

Conclusions:

  • RNAi is a fundamental mechanism for establishing and maintaining heterochromatin.
  • Understanding RNAi-mediated heterochromatin provides insights into gene silencing and genome integrity.