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Directionality Effect in Double Conditionals.

Orlando Espino1, Isana Sánchez-Curbelo1, Alicia Bolaños-Medina2

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The directionality effect in deductive reasoning depends on the conditional form. A new semantic hypothesis extension explains this by focusing on the relatum

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Logic and Reasoning

Background:

  • The directionality effect in deductive reasoning is a known phenomenon where inference directionality depends on conditional form.
  • Existing semantic hypotheses offer partial explanations for this effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present and test a novel extension of the semantic hypothesis to explain the directionality effect in double conditionals.
  • To investigate the role of the 'relatum' in determining the direction of deductive inferences.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted involving participants making deductive inferences from double conditional statements.
  • The position of the end-term playing the role of the relatum was systematically varied across premises.
  • Statistical analyses (t-tests) were used to compare the frequency of forward versus backward inferences.

Main Results:

  • More forward inferences occurred when the relatum was in the first premise.
  • More backward inferences occurred when the relatum was in the second premise.
  • No significant directionality effect was observed when both end-terms or neither end-term played the relatum role.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the extended semantic hypothesis, highlighting the crucial role of the relatum in deductive reasoning directionality.
  • The study provides empirical evidence for how the structural role of terms influences inferential direction in double conditionals.