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Related Concept Videos

Gross Anatomy of the Stomach01:16

Gross Anatomy of the Stomach

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The human stomach is a vital part of the digestive system, performing multiple functions. It is located within the peritoneum, a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. The stomach plays a central role in processing food substances and interacts with other digestive organs through coordinated digestive processes. The stomach has a characteristic J-shape and is divided into four main regions. The cardia is the first section where the esophagus connects to the stomach and is the entry...
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The stomach comprises several layers that work together to facilitate digestion and protect the organ. The outermost layer is called the serosa, which provides support and protection to the stomach. The muscularis externa layer is responsible for the mechanical breakdown of food by contracting and moving the stomach. The submucosa layer, located beneath the muscularis externa, contains connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and glands that secrete mucus and other substances essential for...
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The human body carefully regulates the internal pH of different organs to maintain homeostasis. For example, while the blood plasma maintains a neutral pH of 7, the stomach lumen has an acidic pH of 1.5 - 3.5. The low pH of stomach lumen helps kill pathogens in the food and break down complex food molecules.
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The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.
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Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of polypeptide chains. After polypeptide chains are broken into individual amino acids by a series of digestive enzymes, the amino acids are transported to the liver via the bloodstream to produce energy.
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Gastric emptying occurs when the stomach gradually releases chyme into the duodenum. When the stomach is distended, it triggers the release of gastrin, a hormone that promotes gastric acid secretion to aid in digestion. Additionally, stomach distension contributes to peristaltic waves that propel gastric contents toward the pyloric region. The gastroenteric reflex, on the other hand, primarily stimulates peristalsis in the intestines, facilitating the movement of contents further along the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Generation of and Comparison Between Patient-Derived Gastric Organoids from Different Regions of the Stomach
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Building stomach in a dish.

Meritxell Huch1

  • 11] Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK [2] Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK [3] Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.

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Summary

Researchers developed a 60-day protocol to generate functional acid-producing cells from the stomach corpus in culture. This breakthrough models a previously inaccessible organ region, advancing organoid research for disease and development studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Organogenesis and developmental biology
  • Gastroenterology and disease modelling
  • Stem cell differentiation and regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Modelling organs in culture is crucial for understanding development and disease.
  • The stomach corpus, housing acid-producing cells, has been a challenging region to model in vitro.
  • Previous models lacked the ability to generate functional, acid-secreting cells from this specific region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a robust protocol for generating functional acid-producing cells from the stomach corpus in culture.
  • To overcome the limitations of previous organoid models regarding stomach corpus accessibility.
  • To provide a novel in vitro system for studying stomach development, organogenesis, and related diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 60-day differentiation protocol.
  • Focused on deriving cells from the stomach corpus region.
  • Employed techniques to ensure the generation of functional, acid-producing cells.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated functional acid-producing cells in culture.
  • The 60-day protocol enabled the successful modelling of the stomach corpus.
  • Achieved a significant advancement in in vitro organogenesis for the stomach.

Conclusions:

  • A 60-day differentiation protocol can successfully generate functional acid-producing cells in culture.
  • This protocol overcomes the challenge of modelling the stomach corpus region.
  • The developed model holds significant potential for future research in gastric development and disease.