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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Autoimmunity and thyrotropin level in developing thyroid malignancy.

S Medenica1, N Radojevic, M Stojkovic

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro. com_nr@yahoo.com.

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
|August 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elevated thyrotropin levels and chronic thyroiditis may increase the risk of thyroid malignancy. This study examined the relationship between thyroid growth factors and antibodies in patients with nodular thyroid goiter.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid disease, such as Hashimoto thyroiditis, is increasingly linked to thyroid cancer, particularly papillary thyroid carcinoma.
  • Thyrotropin is recognized as a significant thyroid growth factor, prompting investigation into its role alongside specific antibodies in thyroid malignancy development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between serum thyrotropin levels, anti-peroxidase antibodies, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, and the incidence of thyroid malignancy.
  • To evaluate the prognostic potential of these biomarkers in patients with nodular thyroid goiter and varying thyroid antibody levels.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 637 patient records with thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology.
  • Patients were categorized based on serum thyrotropin, anti-peroxidase, and anti-thyroglobulin antibody levels (within or outside reference ranges).
  • Cytology findings were compared across groups to determine the predictive value for malignancy.

Main Results:

  • Elevated serum thyrotropin (≥ 4.5 mIU/L) was significantly more prevalent in patients with thyroid malignancy (27.3%) compared to those with benign (10.8%) or unspecified (16.1%) cytology (p < 0.01).
  • Among patients with malignant cytology, elevated anti-peroxidase antibodies were observed in 7.0%, and elevated anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in 4.2%.

Conclusions:

  • Increased serum thyrotropin concentration is associated with a higher occurrence of thyroid malignancy.
  • The presence of chronic thyroiditis, indicated by antibody levels, may also contribute to an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer.