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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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The Skin Microbiota01:27

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The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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Microbial Mats01:25

Microbial Mats

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Microbial communities forming biofilms and mats represent complex, spatially structured ecosystems where metabolic processes are stratified according to light, oxygen, and nutrient gradients. Biofilms are initial colonization stages, only a few millimeters thick, while mature microbial mats can reach centimeter-scale thickness and display intricate vertical organization. Their structural and functional heterogeneity allows microorganisms to occupy distinct ecological niches within a few...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Microbiota of Attine Ants' Gardens: Visualizing a Microbial Landscape by Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Roots shaping their microbiome: global hotspots for microbial activity.

Barbara Reinhold-Hurek1, Wiebke Bünger, Claudia Sofía Burbano

  • 1Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; email: breinhold@uni-bremen.de , wiebke.buenger@uni-bremen.de , claudia.burbano@uni-bremen.de , sabale@uni-bremen.de , thurek@uni-bremen.de.

Annual Review of Phytopathology
|August 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Understanding plant-microbe interactions at roots is crucial for plant health. This study explores root microhabitats and PCR methods to analyze bacterial communities, proposing a model for microbiome shifts.

Keywords:
culture-independent analysisendophytesendorhizospheremetagenomerhizoplanerhizosphere soil

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Area of Science:

  • Plant science
  • Microbiology
  • Soil science

Background:

  • Plant-microbe interactions are vital for plant health and nutrient uptake.
  • The rhizosphere, including rhizosphere soil, rhizoplane, and endorhizosphere, is a key site for these interactions.
  • Current understanding of these complex interactions remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss technical aspects of differentiating root microhabitats.
  • To assess PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-based methods for analyzing plant-associated bacterial communities.
  • To present a model for microbiome shifts from bulk soil to the root.

Main Methods:

  • Differentiation of root microhabitats (rhizosphere soil, rhizoplane, endorhizosphere).
  • Assessment of PCR-based methods for bacterial community analysis.
  • Development of novel primers for improved microbiome analysis.
  • Comparison of microbiome data across root-soil compartments.

Main Results:

  • A three-step enrichment model for community structure shifts from bulk soil towards roots is proposed.
  • Novel primers offer a less biased and more quantitative view of microbial activity hotspots.
  • Technical aspects of differentiating root microhabitats are discussed in relation to microbiome analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Coupling reductionist and molecular ecological approaches is essential to understand how plants shape their microbiomes.
  • Investigating specific plant genotypes and mutants will clarify causal relationships in root communities.
  • Further research is needed to fully unravel complex plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere.