Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
Facial synkinesis as a first symptom of multiple sclerosis
Paolo Tacconi1, M Teresa Peltz2, Lorena Lorefice3
1Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Cagliari, Italy tacconi@medicina.unica.it.
Abstract:
A 39-year-old woman was admitted to hospital because of a sensory hemisyndrome caused by a contrast-enhancing demyelinating lesion of the cervical cord. MRI, CSF examination and subsequent clinical and neuroradiological follow-up led to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The patient had noticed an involuntary contraction of a small muscle fascicle on the right side of the chin for a year. Electromyographic and video recordings confirmed the synkinesis between the orbicularis oculi and lower facial muscles, a finding distinct from the myokymic discharges reported in multiple sclerosis and more similar to the synkinesis associated with hemifacial spasm.
Related Concept Videos
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Muscles for Facial Expressions
Chemical Synapses
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Chemical Synapses
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Prosopagnosia
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...

