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Diphtheria

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Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Establishment of a Severe Dry Eye Model Using Complete Dacryoadenectomy in Rabbits
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The many facets of dacryoadenitis.

Ilse Mombaerts1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
|August 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Idiopathic dacryoadenitis is the most common lacrimal gland inflammation, often treated successfully with surgery. Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related dacryoadenitis diagnosis requires strict criteria due to nonspecific IgG4-positive plasma cell presence.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pathology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Lacrimal gland inflammation encompasses various conditions.
  • Idiopathic dacryoadenitis has historically been recognized.
  • Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related dacryoadenitis is a more recently identified entity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the spectrum of lacrimal gland inflammation.
  • To differentiate between idiopathic dacryoadenitis and IgG4-related dacryoadenitis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on lacrimal gland inflammatory lesions.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related dacryoadenitis.

Main Results:

  • Idiopathic dacryoadenitis is the most frequent inflammatory lacrimal gland lesion, with surgical treatment efficacy.

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  • IgG4-positive plasma cell presence in lacrimal gland biopsies is not specific to IgG4-related dacryoadenitis.
  • Stricter criteria, including abundant IgG4-positive plasma cell counts, are necessary for diagnosing IgG4-related dacryoadenitis, especially in the absence of other systemic disease manifestations.

    • Conclusions:

    • Tissue biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing noninfectious lacrimal gland inflammation and is often therapeutic for idiopathic dacryoadenitis.
    • IgG4-related dacryoadenitis shares more characteristics with lymphoproliferative tumors than with idiopathic dacryoadenitis.