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Nociception01:44

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Primary Motives: Sleep, Sex, and Pain Avoidance01:24

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Primary motives such as sleep, sex, and pain avoidance are crucial drivers of behavior in humans and animals. These motives ensure survival, reproductive success, and overall well-being by prompting actions that meet essential bodily needs.
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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior
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Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

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Nociception, Pain, Negative Moods, and Behavior Selection.

Marwan N Baliki1, A Vania Apkarian2

  • 1Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60610, USA.

Neuron
|August 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain adapts to pain, influencing chronic pain development. This study redefines nociception, acute pain, and chronic pain phases, linking them to behavioral learning and survival mechanisms.

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Last Updated: Apr 5, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Neuroimaging reveals brain adaptations to pain, suggesting a role in chronic pain development.
  • Existing concepts of nociception, acute pain, and chronic pain require re-evaluation in the context of behavior selection.
  • Negative moods and pain are linked to aversive behavioral learning, crucial for organismal survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To revisit and redefine nociception, acute pain, and chronic pain concepts.
  • To propose a mesolimbic threshold process gating nociceptive activity to conscious pain.
  • To deconstruct chronic pain into distinct phases and outline their underlying mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual review and redefinition of pain-related terms.
  • Integration of neuroimaging findings with behavioral science principles.
  • Deconstruction of chronic pain into four proposed phases.

Main Results:

  • Nociception redefined as injury protection; acute pain as failed avoidance behavior.
  • A mesolimbic threshold process is proposed to mediate pain perception.
  • Chronic pain deconstructed into four phases involving limbic risk and neocortical reorganization.

Conclusions:

  • Brain adaptations are critical for chronic pain development via threshold process alterations.
  • Chronic pain involves distinct phases driven by limbic and neocortical mechanisms.
  • Pain and negative moods represent a continuum of adaptive aversive learning for threat protection.