Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Current Concepts, Imaging Features, and Therapeutic Strategies

Thoracic outlet syndrome describes a set of disorders resulting from compression of the brachial plexus and/or subclavian vessels. Early recognition is essential, as diagnostic or treatment delays are associated with significant morbidity. In this article, we describe the imaging features of thoracic outlet syndrome with an emphasis on use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging angiography and venography in association with postural maneuvers to demonstrate dynamic compression of the neurovascular structures. The pathophysiology, clinical features, and management options, which depend on the affected structures and degree of severity, are also presented in this article.