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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
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Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Electrocardiogram01:29

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
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Searching for "order" in atrial fibrillation using electrogram morphology recurrence plots.

David Gordon1, Jeffrey J Goldberger1, Rishi Arora1

  • 1Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.

Computers in Biology and Medicine
|August 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Electrogram morphology recurrence (EMR) analysis reveals underlying order in atrial fibrillation (AF) patterns. This novel method quantifies AF dynamics, potentially improving mapping and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillationDynamicsElectrogramsMappingNon-linear analysis

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Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Electrophysiology
  • Computational Biology
  • Medical Signal Analysis

Background:

  • Atrial fibrillation (AF) electrograms often appear chaotic.
  • Quantifying the underlying order in AF morphology patterns is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a novel electrogram morphology recurrence (EMR) analysis.
  • To quantify the level of order in AF morphology patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Sustained AF was induced in dogs via rapid atrial pacing.
  • High-density bipolar electrograms were recorded from multiple atrial sites.
  • EMR plots were generated by cross-correlating activation morphologies; features like recurrence rate (RR) and determinism (DET) were quantified.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of 3961 sites revealed varying recurrence rates (average RR of 0.38±0.28).
  • Random shuffling of morphologies significantly altered EMR plot features, decreasing DET, laminarity (LAM), average diagonal line length (L), trapping time (TT), and Shannon's entropy (ENTR), while increasing divergence (DIV).

Conclusions:

  • EMR analysis demonstrates that AF electrograms exhibit patterns suggesting underlying deterministic structures in activation sequences.
  • This approach offers a new perspective on AF dynamics, potentially aiding in improved mapping and therapeutic strategies.